1．Yellow is usually the color of happy，joyful emotions （情感）．But according to a new study，not all people associate the sunshiny shade with good feelings．
   To find out what factors might play a role，researchers tested a new hypothesis （假設(shè)）：What if people's physical surroundings affect their feelings about certain colors？For example，if someone lived in cold and rainy Finland，would they feel differently about the color yellow from someone who lived near the Sahara Desert？
   The researchers looked at color-emotion data from an ongoing international survey （調(diào)查） of 6 ，625 people in 55 countries．The survey asked participants to rate 12 colors on how closely they were associated with feelings including joy，pride，fear，and shame．
   The researchers paid particular attention to the data for yellow，and analyzed how different factors一including hours of sunshine，hours of daylight，and the amount of rainfall一lined up with the emotions people reported for the color．The two best predictors of how people felt about yellow were the annual amount of rainfall，and how far they lived from the equator （赤道）．
   Overall，people were more likely to associate yellow with joy when they lived in rainier countries that lay farther from the equator，researchers reported in the Journal of Environmental Psychology．In Egypt，the likelihood of yellow being associated with joy was just 5.7% ，whereas in chilly Finland it was 87.7%．In the United States，with its mild climate and amber waves of grain，people's yellow joy association levels were between 60% and 70%．
   The researchers also checked whether associations changed with the season - whether，for example，people in a certain country liked yellow more in the winter than they did in the summer．They found that opinions about color remained fairly constant year-round 一even when the weather changed，the data on yellow-joy associations were as good as gold．

（1）What did the researchers do before the survey？
A．They went to Finland．
B．They made an assumption．
C．They studied certain colors．
D．They analyzed some data．
（2）Which of the following affects people's feelings about yellow？
A．The changeable seasons．
B．The length of daytime．
C．The geographic position．
D．The amount of snowfall．
（3）How did the researchers carry out the survey？
A．By interviewing participants．
B．By studying the data collected．
C．By travelling around the world．
D．By looking at color combinations．
（4）What can be the best title of the text？
A．Finland ：A Country Admiring Yellow．
B．Yellow：Associated with Joy Conditionally．
C．Color ：An Important Role in Good Feelings．
D．Color-emotion Data ：Collected Internationally．

2．Pinocchio may be just a children's fairy tale，but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated the so-called "Pinocchio effect" and found that our noses don't grow when we tell a lie，but actually shrink a bit．
   Dr．Emilio Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography to tell if people were lying，and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful，the temperature of the tips of their noses dropped up to 1.2℃，while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃．Scientists also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink，although the difference is undetected by the human eye．
   "One has to think in order to lie，which rises the temperature of the forehead，" Dr．Gomez Milan explained the findings． "At the same time we feel anxious，which lowers the temperature of the nose．"
   For this study，researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while being scanned by thermal imaging technology．One of these tasks involved calling a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents，partner or a friend and telling a significant lie．Participants had to devise the lie by themselves during the call，and the thermal cameras picked up this "reverse Pinocchio effect" caused by the fluctuation （起伏） in temperature in the nose and forehead．
   Interestingly，the thermal lie doctor picked up the temperature difference in 80 percent of test subjects，which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie doctor．
   "With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy and reduce the occurrence of 'false positives'，something that is frequently with other methods such as the polygraph （測謊儀） ，" said Dr．Emilio Gómez Milán，who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results．
   The thermal lie doctor has been the most reliable in the world，10% more than the popular polygraph．

（1）Why does the author mention "Pinocchio" at the beginning？
A．To tell a fairy story
B．To warn us not to lie．
C．To introduce a research．
D．To inspire us to doubt old beliefs．
（2）According to the research，what might happen if you tell a lie？
A．Your nose gets longer．
B．Your nose becomes smaller．
C．Your temperature gets higher．
D．Your temperature remains stable．
（3）What can we learn about the research？
A．Researchers conduct the study by interviewing．
B．Researchers design difference lies for participants．
C．The thermal lie detector will prove a popular one．
D．The thermal lie doctor may assist law enforcement．
（4）Which might be the best title for the passage？
A．Will lie detectors tell the truth？
B．Will lying make your nose longer？
C．Will lying make your temperature rise？
D．Will thermal imaging technology be reliable？

3．When it comes to becoming eco-conscious，many people choose to start with something simple：recycling.But it's not as simple as everyone seems to believe.
   Indeed，the desire for some people to recycle can lead to ill-informed decisions about what can and cannot be recycled，and non-recyclable objects are accidentally put into the recycling bin.The practice is what is known as wish cycling.
   Wish cycling boils down to the idea that just about anything can be recycled，and that if you put it into a recycling bin，those who are responsible for it will find a way to recycle it.This is obviously not true，because，despite everything that you've been told by the media，not everything is recyclable.
   Small non-recyclable objects that are attached to recyclables are generally acceptable.For example，glue and tape attached to paper will be removed in the recycling process without any trouble.But improperly recycling broken eyeglasses，plastic shopping bags，food waste and greasy （油漬）pizza boxes could cause problems to the recycling process.
   The objects in the recycling bin are typically sorted by machines at recycling centers，not people.These complex machines are designed to separate plastics，paper，and other recyclables.If something is thrown into the bin that shouldn't be there，it could end up damaging the machine，which means the recycling center could lose time and money every time people decide to wish cycle.Sometimes，a non-recyclable object is able to sneak （溜）past these sorting machines.If this happens，the non-recyclable object ends up in a load of recyclables that will be sold for the recycling center to make a profit.
   However，having just one non-recyclable thing mixed in can pollute the entire load of recyclables，which has to be thrown away.
   So what you as a consumer need to do is make your own recycling practice most functional.The best way is to educate yourself.There are certain general rules when it comes to recycling that everyone should know.

（1）What do we know about wish cycling？
A．It is misled by the media.
B．It leads to a better ecology.
C．It is related to ill intentions.
D．It comes from people's hope.
（2）Which of the following can be put into the recycling bin according to the passage？
A．Paper with glue on it.
B．Oily pizza boxes.
C．Plastic shopping bags.
D．Left. -over food.
（3）What is paragraph 5 about？
A．The problems from wishcycling.
B．The need to update the machines.
C．The reasons for making less profit.
D．The objects unsuitable for recycling.
（4）What might be talked about in the paragraph that follows？
A．Reducing waste.
B．Making rules.
C．Recycling properly.
D．Consuming wisely.