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An old saw has it that there is nothing new under the sun.But it may still come as a surprise that human beings aren't alone in having invented vaccination （疫苗接種）.Work published by Gyan Harwood of the University of Illinois confirms that honeybees got there first.It also suggests they run the vaccination programmes like humans.
   One discovery in 2015 is that queen bees vaccinate their eggs by transferring into them antigens （抗原） which start the development of a protective immune response.But that observation raises the question of how the queen receives her antigen supply in the first place，for she lives only on royal jelly （蜂王漿） produced by worker bees who act as nurses to baby bees.Dr.Harwood therefore wondered if the nurses obtain the antigens while eating nectar （花蜜） .
   To test this idea，he cooperated with Heli Salmela.Together，they collected about 150 nurse bees and divided them among six queenless hives （蜂巢） with baby bees to look after.Instead of nectar，they fed the nurses on sugar-water，and for three of the hives they mixed the sugar-water with a bacterium that causes a hive-killing disease.
   In this case，to stop such an infection happening，Dr Harwood and Dr Salmela heat-treated the bacteria to kill them in advance.They also labeled the dead bacteria with a fluorescent dye （熒光染料） to make them easy to track.And，the result showed that pathogens （病原體） were getting into royal jelly produced by those nurse bees.
   All told that nurse bees are indeed，through their royal jelly，passing antigens on to the queen，and then to the eggs.Meanwhile，after they hatch，the eggs receive antigens from the nurses as well，thus being vaccinated twice.

（1）In which section of a newspaper can we find this text？
A
A

A．Science.
B．Education.
C．Geography.
D．Medicine.
（2）What does Dr.Harwood in paragraph 2 put forward？
A
A

A．An assumption.
B．A suggestion.
C．A theory.
D．A fact.
（3）Why were the nurse bees fed on sugar-water instead of nectar？
B
B

A．To stop infections happening.
B．To find out the antigen supply.
C．To produce bacteria.
D．To offer another food choice.
（4）Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text？
D
D

A．Nurse Bees Invent Vaccination
B．Queen Bees Vaccinate Their Eggs
C．Honeybees Popularize Vaccination
D．Honeybees Run Vaccination Programme

【考點(diǎn)】科普知識(shí)；說明文．
【答案】A；A；B；D
【解答】
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
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發(fā)布：2024/5/27 14:0:0組卷：3引用：2難度：0.5
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  • 1．Astronauts travelling in space meet forms of radiation that are uncommon on Earth.Some of this radiation has been shown to be harmful to human health.It is linked to cancers and heart problems.Yet a new American study suggests the radiation does not shorten astronauts' lives.
       Researchers studied nearly 60 years of health records and other data about male astronauts from the United States.They then compared this data with information about a group of men who are in good health，richer than most Americans and receive good health care-professional athletes.The study found that neither group has higher rates of dying at a young age.In fact，both groups generally live longer than other Americans.
       Astronauts are usually well educated，earn more money and are in better physical condition than the average American.Some earlier research has linked being an astronaut to a lower risk of early death，the researchers noted.The findings were reported in the publication Occupational & Environmental Medicine.
       Much of the existing research on mortality rates in astronauts has not yet explored the mental and physical demands of this job.There also has not been a lot of research on whether astronauts show what is known as the "healthy worker effect".This effect leads people with employment of any kind to have fewer medical problems than people who are unable to work，said Robert Reynolds.
       Reynolds said， "The challenge has always been to understand if astronauts are as healthy as they would be had they been otherwise comparably employed but had never gone to space at all.To do this，we need to find a group that is comparable on several important factors."

    （1）How did researchers carry out their study？

    A．By doing interviews.
    B．By analysing some factors.
    C．By comparing different data.
    D．By doing experiments in the lab.
    （2）What can we learn from the text？

    A．All radiation is harmful to human health.
    B．Athletes tend to be poorer than most Americans.
    C．Healthy worker effect makes working people healthier.
    D．Research has explored the mental and physical demands of being astronauts.
    （3）What can be inferred from Reynolds' words？

    A．Researchers are determined to face the challenge.
    B．The research is almost impossible to conduct.
    C．Several important factors hold back the research.
    D．Astronauts are as healthy as they would be if they haven't been astronauts.
    （4）What can be a suitable title for the text？

    A．Astronauts-healthy or otherwise
    B．Astronauts are as healthy as athletes
    C．Radiation affects astronauts' health
    D．Astronauts-well-educated and earn more

    發(fā)布：2024/11/9 9:0:1組卷：7引用：1難度：0.6

  • 2．Some caterpillars' warning signals（信號(hào)）may have evolved（進(jìn)化）from walking.
       A team，writing in the journal Nature Communications，reported that the hair-like structures the living things use to make sounds evolved from legs.
       The team studied caterpillars which use these structures to communicate their ownership of leaves.This means the caterpillars are able to"tell"strangers to go away without risking injury in fighting."These are really interesting caterpillars，"said Dr.Jayne Yack from Carleton University in Ottawa，Canada，who led the research."They make signals using hair-like structures which are on their back ends."
       The caterpillars drag these structures across the leaf to make scraping（刺耳的）sounds when strangers enter the area of their leaves."When they make this signal，the strangers leave，"explained Dr.Yack."It's like saying'I'm here，get out of here-I already own this leaf '."
       The scientists looked at other species（物種）within the same group of caterpillars and created their"family tree".They used chemical markers（標(biāo)記物）to work out the relationship between the animals，showing which in the group were the more ancient species and which species evolved more recently."Those more ancient species actually don't have these sound-producing structures.They have legs that they use to walk towards strangers，"said Dr.Yack.These more ancient species，she explained，walk towards strangers and try to fight against them."They can kill each other in the fighting，"Dr.Yack added.She said that the evolution of the scraping show had allowed the caterpillars to solve their fighting without injury."So our idea is that these signals actually avoid harm to both sides-they solve fighting in a more' friendly' way."
       The study also provides a map of an evolutionary process that many other biologists are researching.

    （1）What can we learn about caterpillars' warning structures from the text？

    A．They have the same use as hair.
    B．They are found in caterpillars' heads.
    C．They are used to fight against strangers.
    D．They may have evolved from caterpillars' legs.
    （2）According to the text，Dr.Yack's team did NOT
    .
    A．draw a family tree of caterpillars
    B．create a map to show how caterpillars evolve
    C．study species within the same group of caterpillars
    D．make clear the relationship between different species of caterpillars
    （3）What does the underlined word"They"in the fifth paragraph refer to？

    A．The ancient species.
    B．The chemical markers.
    C．The sound-producing structures.
    D．The more recently evolved species.
    （4）What is the main idea of the text？

    A．How caterpillars evolved.
    B．How caterpillars warn strangers.
    C．Communication between caterpillars.
    D．Caterpillars' warning signals evolved from walking.

    發(fā)布：2024/10/19 0:0:1組卷：13引用：2難度：0.5

  • 3．Last year I introduced my new policy on absences to my classes：None would be（1）
    except for illness or personal emergency （緊急情況）．Even though this was against the（2）
    rules，my students didn't（3）
    ．When those who missed classes received warning notices from me，they knew I was（4）
    ．Most students seemed to realize that it（5）
    their own studies，and followed the rule．（6）
    ，it was also a rule that they should follow throughout their lives．
       I told my class that（7）
    students want to do well in school，they have to go to classes（8）
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    that I care about their learning and（11）
    them to care about my professional （職業(yè)的） effort．
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    ，students performance in my classes improved in the end．Such a result is surely worth（13）
    ．There are also other advantages having a（14）
    classroom．For example，discussions are（15）
    ，homework is generally（16）
    on time，and very few students miss tests．Of course，I was a little（17）
    than usual，especially at first I（18）
    or mailed notes to several students about their cuts （缺課），some more than once．
       There is no（19）
    that this kind of policy is easier in a small school．But it can work almost any place where a teacher cares enough to make it work．The（20）
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    （7） A．a(chǎn)fter B．if C．though D．until
    （8） A．hardly B．suddenly C．completely D．regularly
    （9） A．unhappy B．impolite C．impatient D．unlucky
    （10） A．praise B．chance C．message D．suggestion
    （11） A．a(chǎn)gree B．choose C．promise D．expect
    （12） A．a(chǎn)nger B．surprise C．regret D．shame
    （13） A．giving up B．showing off C．thinking over D．breaking down
    （14） A．full B．big C．bright D．clean
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    發(fā)布：2024/10/25 17:0:1組卷：1引用：1難度：0.3
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