2018年上海市高考英語(yǔ)試卷

II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections： After reading the passage below， fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks， use one word that best fits each blank.

• 1．A comprehensive study of 4，500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex the outer layer that processes sensory information． "We don't know if it （1）

  （cause） by the screen time．We don't know yet if it's a bad thing．It won't be until we follow them over time （2）

  we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot，" Dr．Gaya Dowling． "What we can say is that this is（3）

  the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens．And it's not just one pattern．"
      The problem isn't just screens （4）

  ，but also the way screens tempt kids （and adults） away from something far more important：physical activity．More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity，and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization （WHO），these patterns of activity and rest arise （5）

  habits we develop early in life． "What we really need to do is （6）

  （bring） back play for children，" says Dr．Juana Willumsen，a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity，in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019． "This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime，while （7）

  （protect） sleep．" Of course，children aren't completely to blame for their screen addiction．
      Sometimes，the parents （8）

  complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one．A 2016 study （9）

  （conduct） by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens，mostly not for work-related reasons．While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models，the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior．Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids（10）

  it means playing the bad guy．Our mental and physical health depends on it．
  組卷：150引用：1難度：0.5

  解析

Section BDirections： Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

• 2．

  A．committed B．compared C．contact D．delegation E．destructive F．humble G．negotiate H．respelled I．similarity J．superiors K．witnessed

  Some Very "American" Words Come from Chinese Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago．They are most often from Cantonese （粵語(yǔ)） or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin．Let's start with them．
     kowtow
     The English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do，or to obey someone with power in a way that seems （1）

  ．It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau，which means "knock your head"．It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to （2）

  such as emperors，elders and leaders．In the case of emperors，the act required the person to touch their head to the ground．Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor．Soon after，the English word "kowtow" was born．In 1793，Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to （3）

  a trade agreement．The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor．As the story goes，Lord Macartney refused for his （4）

  to do more than bend their knees．He said that was all they were required to do for their own king．
     It is not surprising，then，that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement．After that，critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China．Today，the usage has no connection to China，nor any specific political connection．
     gung-ho
     Another borrowed word that came about through （5）

  between two nations is gung-ho．In English，the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something．The Chinese characters "gong" and "he" together mean "work together，cooperate．" The original term gongyehezuoshe means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives．The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development．Lt．Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China．He was impressed，saying "…all the soldiers （6）

  themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over．" He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had （7）

  ．In 1942，he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II．The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion．" From then，the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps．Today，its meaning has no relation to the military．
     typhoon
     In English，a typhoon is a very powerful and （8）

  storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific．The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho．And not all historical accounts are the same．But，according to the Merriam-webster New Book of Word Histories，the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans．" The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood．The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon．Later，when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea，Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung，which means "great wind．" The word's （9）

  to touffon is only by chance．The modern form of the word typhoon was influenced by the Cantonese but （10）

  to make it appear more Greek．
  組卷：35引用：1難度：0.4

  解析

III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections： For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A， B， C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

• 3．When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends，they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates．（1）

  ，they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books．
     They are in good company，according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into （2）

  ．The study，published Tuesday in the journal Child Development，found that the percentage of adolescents in the U．S．who have a driver's license，who have tried alcohol，who date，and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976，with the most precipitous （急劇的）（3）

  in the past decade．The declines appeared across race，geographic，and socioeconomic lines，and in rural，urban，and suburban areas．
     To be sure，more than half of teens still engage in these activities，but the （4）

  have slimmed considerably．Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades，as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015，according to Centers for Disease Control statistics． "People say，'Oh，it's because teenagers are more responsible，or more lazy，or more boring，' but they're （5）

  the larger trend，" said Jean Twenge，lead author of the study，which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans．Rather，she said，kids may be less （6）

  in activities such as dating，driving or getting jobs because in today's society，they no longer need to．
     According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her （7）

  ，exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development，while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the （8）

  effect，the study said．In the first （9）

  ， "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode，start having kids young，expect your kids will have kids young，and expect that there will be more （10）

  and fewer resources，" said Twenge，a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen：Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious，More Tolerant，Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood．"
     In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more （11）

  about marriage，and driving a car and working for pay would be important for "establishing mate value based on procurement of resources，" the study said．But America is shifting more toward the （12）

  model，and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum，Twenge said． "Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education…families are smaller，and the idea that children need to be carefully （13）

  has really sunk in．" The （14）

  of "adult activities" could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities，the study said，noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990s （with the exception of community service，which has risen slightly）．Nor could the use of smart phones and the Internet be entirely the （15）

  ，the report said，since the decline began before they were widely available．If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections，it is a good thing，he said．
  
  

  （1）	A．Therefore	B．Rather	C．Moreover	D．Besides
  （2）	A．childhood	B．neighborhood	C．a(chǎn)dolescents	D．a(chǎn)dulthood
  （3）	A．escapes	B．ends	C．decreases	D．changes
  （4）	A．minorities	B．majorities	C．masses	D．a(chǎn)mounts
  （5）	A．taking	B．a(chǎn)voiding	C．sending	D．missing
  （6）	A．interested	B．envied	C．relieved	D．realized
  （7）	A．emotions	B．surroundings	C．customs	D．habits
  （8）	A．wrong	B．same	C．opposite	D．similar
  （9）	A．event	B．issue	C．case	D．occasion
  （10）	A．trouble	B．questions	C．benefits	D．diseases
  （11）	A．respectively	B．delicately	C．seriously	D．considerably
  （12）	A．slower	B．better	C．smaller	D．faster
  （13）	A．emphasized	B．related	C．organized	D．educated
  （14）	A．implement	B．postponement	C．a(chǎn)chievement	D．payment
  （15）	A．cause	B．impact	C．fact	D．result
  組卷：162引用：1難度：0.5

  解析

Section BDirections： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A， B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

• 4．Bitcoin and other so-called cryptocurrenciest （加密貨幣） have been all over the news lately．Apparently，the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank or a specific country is appealing to many．But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that：A modern invention．Not so long ago，money was almost always created and used locally，and bartering was common． （In fact，it still is common among many online local networks，like the Buy Nothing Project．）．
     In the past，money's makeup varied from place to place，depending on what was considered valuable there．So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum （金銀礦），objects other than coins have served as currency，including beads，ivory，livestock，and cowrie shells．In West Africa，bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash，especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there．Throughout the colonial period，tobacco was used to replace coins or paper bills in Virginia，Maryland and North Carolina，even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U．K．
     Today，on an island in the Pacific，a specific type of shell still serves as currency and some people there are even hoarding （儲(chǔ)存） it，just like Bitcoin moguls，convinced that one day，it will make them wealthy beyond imagination．On Malaita，the most-populated island that's part of the Solomon Islands，shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods．
     "How much tuna （金槍魚） you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape，" Mary Bruno，a shop owner from the small town of Auki，on Malaita，told Vice． "One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna，but the red ones are worth more．For the red ones，one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time．"
     Just like a mint that creates coins，there's only one place on the island where the shells，which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes，are made．The strips of red，white，and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon，where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals．Once marooned （困住） out on their islands，locals needed a currency to use among themselves，and so the shell currency was born．
      Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s，but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today．And just like cryptocurencies，there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money，which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades．It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed，strung-together shells，but what is a pile of dollars？Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to and probably less durable over time than those shells．
  
  （1）According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE？

  
  A．Money was created and was widely used in the world．
  B．Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past．
  C．The ingredients of world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver．
  D．Using shells for money has been out of date in the world．
  （2）The word "mint" in paragraph 5 is closest in the meaning to "

  "．
  A．a(chǎn) kind of money that can exchange
  B．the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied
  C．a(chǎn) place to produce and polish shells
  D．a(chǎn) factory that produces currency
  （3）What's opinion of the author towards shells for money？

  
  A．Reasonable．
  B．Imaginary．
  C．Convenient．
  D．Inventive
  （4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？

  
  A．The History of Biteoin
  B．Shells Still Money
  C．The Currency Is of Great Use
  D．Some Shells
  組卷：86引用：1難度：0.5

  解析

V. TranslationDirections： Translate the following sentences into English， using the words given in the brackets.

• 12．在這個(gè)村落，人們通常吃到八分飽，但這個(gè)健康的飲食習(xí)慣最初是為了應(yīng)對(duì)食物短缺的困境．（until）
  組卷：37引用：1難度：0.5

  解析

VI．GuidedWriting

• 13．Directions： Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．
  假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的高三學(xué)生盧平．學(xué)?！队⒄Z(yǔ)報(bào)》向高三學(xué)生進(jìn)行征文，題目為my teachers．盧平也想投稿．具體要求是：
  1． 請(qǐng)你將認(rèn)識(shí)的老師進(jìn)行分類；
  2． 具體描述每一類老師的特征．
  組卷：60引用：1難度：0.5

  解析